2.2 Activation of bentonite clay Activation was done based study of Samira & Moussa, 2014; 400 mL of hydrochloric acid (2M HCl) (98%, d = 1.98 g/cm 3 ) solution was added to 50 g of NB sample.
In this review, we firstly summarized the modification of bentonite-based composites using various methods such as acid/alkaline washing, thermal treating and hybrids (e.g., polymer, clay mineral, magnetic and other modification); Then the recent advances of removal of organic (e.g., dyes, microplastics, phenolic organic …
Bentonite clay is one of the oldest clays that humankind has been using from ancient times as traditional habits and remedies. In recent years researchers have found many applications of bentonite ...
Similarly, bentonite activation is a complex phenomenon that involves the substitution of exchangeable cations, Al 3+, Mg 2+, and Fe 2+ against protons from the octahedral sheet, resulting in the improvement of bleaching effectiveness, greater hydrophobicity and porosity structure, strongly protonated clay mineral surface, increase …
Vijayakumar et al. (2009) evaluated acid-activated bentonite as a catalyst in the esterification reaction of the different carboxylic acid with alcohols or p-cresol. Acid activation of bentonite was carried out in concentrated H 2 SO 4 and characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, TGA, acid titration and BET surface area. Esterification was carried …
1.. IntroductionBentonite often contains > 80% montmorillonite.Bentonite is used in a wide range of applications including drilling mud, bleaching earth, water and solvent based rheological additives, litter, desiccant clay, and animal feed additive (Lagaly, 2006).Due to high viscosity and swelling and low filtration loss, (Na–Ca) …
Iso-conversional methods were used to obtain kinetic-parameters such as the activation energies whereas Coats-Redfern (CR) method was used to find the most …
2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Natural bentonite activation Natural bentonite activation was performed by a two-step procedure based on the work done by Toor et al. [28], thermal activation followed by acid activation. Thermal activation was conducted by heating the sample using muffle furnace at 400 °C for 3 hours then cooled and stored
Microwave absorbers such as zeolite (clinoptilolite), bentonite, and potassium phosphate (K 3 PO 4) are exploited in microwave pyrolysis to raise the pyrolysis …
Volcanic Materials in Commerce and Industry. Jonathan Dehn, Stephen R. McNutt, in The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (Second Edition), 2015. 5.1 Bentonite. Bentonite is an off-white montmorillonite clay formed from altered volcanic ash. It has a sheet-silicate structure and is especially notable for the way in which it absorbs and loses water and for its base …
Acid activation technique was opted for modifying natural bentonite (NB) to enhance the adsorptive removal of CIP from water. The BET surface area analysis …
Iso-conversional methods were used to obtain kinetic-parameters such as the activation energies whereas Coats-Redfern (CR) method was used to find the most probable reaction mechanisms involved on the bentonite pyrolysis. ... (Secretary of Energy)-CONACyT (National Council of Science and Technology in Mexico) …
At a molecular level, insight into this reaction was gained from density functional theory modelling, which showed the different activation energies of the …
Activation of Bentonite clay using hydrochloric acid (HCl) [15,16], sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) [17, 18] and other acids [19,20] has been reported. Out of all acids, H 2 SO 4 is preferred mostly as ...
Nomenclature. Abbreviation Term V. The rotor velocity, rpm. AP. Activation period, min. BT. Bentonite type. D. Dry (poured) density, g/cm 3. SSA. Specific surface area, m 2 /g. M 1. Mass residue/oversize on the sieve with mesh size 20 µm, %. M 2. The sum of the mass residues/oversize on sieves with mesh sizes 20–5 µm, %. M 3. Mass …
A new method of Na-activation of raw bentonite, rich in Ca-montmorillonite, consisting of combined thermal treatment at 200 °C, followed by immediate impregnation with aqueous solution of Na 2 CO 3 of concentration corresponding to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 cation exchange capacity (CEC) of clay, was investigated. Structural and compositional …
Example 1 To 500 kg. of bentonite clay, 15.5 kg. of Na CO dissolved in 100 liters of water were introduced. The two latter agents constituted the activator. The solution of the activator was poured on the material which was placed on a belt-type unloading conveyor associated with a multibucket excavator and leading to the steel trucks of a narrow-gauge railway …
Thus, during ultraviolet activation [9] of clays, due to the weakening of bonds in the crystal lattice of minerals, metal ions leave octahedral positions. This helps to increase the sorption activity of clays by 1.3 times. Work [10] presents the results of a combined method of activation of bentonite clays.
2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Natural bentonite activation Natural bentonite activation was performed by a two-step procedure based on the work done by Toor et al. [28], thermal activation followed by acid ...
Chinoune et al. (2016) prepared Mg(OH) 2 coated bentonite and found it is efficient for adsorption treatment of reactive blue 2 and reactive blue 19. The iron-pillared bentonite was also prepared by ion exchange using natural bentonite, with which the adsorption capacity of 98.6 mg/g for RhB was obtained.
Acid activation of bentonite was carried out in concentrated H 2 SO 4 and characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, TGA, acid titration and BET surface area. Esterification was carried out of different carboxylic acids with different alcohols, toluene or o-xylene …
The result of the structural analysis showed that during the activation process, the structure of bentonite was not changed significantly and the surface area of the activated bentonite has ...
Activation of Bentonite clay using hydrochloric acid (HCl) [15], [16], sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) [17], [18] and other acids [19], [20] has been reported. ... The paper discusses the modification of bentonite, offering new methods and techniques to tailor its properties for specific packaging applications. Furthermore, it also tackles safety ...
3.2 Characterization of raw and activated bentonite clays. The BET analysis of raw and treated bentonite indicated that the surface area was increased by treating raw bentonite with 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 whereas calcination reduced the pore surface area. Narrowing of the hysteresis curve of the adsorption isotherm (Fig. 1) was an indication of …
This study explores, as an alternative to sodium bentonite, the possibility of (Na, Ca)-bentonites to meet the required drilling mud properties. Activation of the bentonites was performed using the most popular (Na 2 CO 3) and also the most controversial additive (MgO) and their blends. Upgrading the (Na, Ca)-bentonites was …
Acid activation of bentonite clay for recycled automotive oil purification ... the methods proposed by Aziz et al., (2011). 30 g of clay (previously washed and sieved) was weighed, distilled ...
Acid activation was carried out by heating muds prepared from Ca-rich bentonite (CaB), sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) and distilled water, yielding various bleaching …
This study addresses the urgent need for effective water treatment methods by synthesizing and characterizing activated bentonite clay (ABC) adsorbents to remove methylene blue () from aqueous solutions efficiently. Conventional adsorbents often exhibit limitations in efficiency and regeneration capabilities, necessitating novel …
2.3.4 Physicochemical Methods 35 . 2.3.4.1 Coagulation 35 . 2.3.4.2 Filtration 35 . 2.3.4.3 Ion Exchange 36 . ... 3.2 Muffle furnace used for thermal activation of bentonite 73 3.3 Bentonite modified by TA at 1000C and 5000C for 20 min. 74 3.4 Bentonite modified by AA at 300C for 3h with acid concentration of
The effects of activation parameters (time and temperature) on its physiochemical properties and its performance for the removal of sodium ions from water were investigated. Bentonite activated for 6 h at 300 °C showed a maximum specific surface area of 81.74 m 2 /g while the raw one showed 57.6 m 2 /g. However, the cation …
The adsorption properties of Ca-Bentonite were developed by activation with Na 2 CO 3 at various ratios (1, 2, 2.5, 5, 10, 15g/100g bentonite), the (CEC) did not change until the soda ratio was 2.5 %.
One of the most common chemical modifications of clays, used for both industrial and scientific purposes, is their acid activation. This consists of the treatment of clay with a mineral acid solution, usually HCl or H 2 SO 4.The main task is to obtain partly dissolved material of increased specific surface area, porosity and surface acidity …
In this study, the adsorption of NH 3 gas on a bentonite from Ünye (Turkey) in its natural state and after acid treatments, was investigated experimentally at 298 K and up to 100 kPa. Bentonite was treated with HCl solutions of various concentrations (0.5–2.5 M) at …
A bentonite from Kirkouk city region (Iraq) was activated with H 2 SO 4 at various ratios (5, 10, 15, 20 %). Due to ion exchange, the original (Ca, Mg, Na, K)-bentonite was converted to H ...
Bentonite is usually a Ca 2+ -bentonite treated with inorganic acids to replace divalent calcium ions with monovalent hydrogen ions and to leach out ferric, ferrous, …