Abstract. Phosphogypsum (PG: CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O) is a waste product generated by the phosphate industry. World production of this waste exceeds 200 million tonnes per year. PG, discharged into the sea, watercourses or in wilderness stocks, contains toxic elements harmful to ecosystems and human health, including heavy …
The increase of phosphogypsum dosage had a close correlation with the release of phosphate ions. ... Karlsruhe, Germany) in Bragg–Brentano geometry (configuration Theta-2Theta), using 1.54060 Å CuKα radiation, Ni Kβ filters, and a scintillation detector at a voltage of 30 kV and 10 mA current. Scan conditions: recording …
Phosphogypsum is a by-product of the phosphates industry. Produced in significant quantities, the material is considered a waste in the US due to radioactivity, where the primary means of management is storage in "stacks." ... radiation exposure can be possible. As such, it is recognized that the use of phosphogypsum in such materials …
This paper presents results in a room constructed using fired bricks made partly with phosphogypsum. Radon-222 concentration values are monitored and reported for two different seasons using a passive method (LR-115 dosimeters) and an active method (AlphaGuard) in spring season 2008 and using an active method the pulse type …
The radiation dose resulting from phosphogypsum piles or received by workers is negligible compared with the average annual effective dose from natural sources . The resulting radiation dose caused by phosphogypsum used as a construction or plaster material can be considered to be negligible [ 18, 19 ].
Other Uses of Phosphogypsum. Under certain conditions, phosphogypsum may be removed from stacks for outdoor agricultural purposes or indoor research and development. Any other use of phosphogypsum requires advance permission from EPA.
Predicts when phosphogypsum waste will contain 30 PBq total activity. • Compares activity of phosphogypsum with that from Chernobyl and Fukushima. • Shows …
Phosphogypsum is a by-product of the phosphate fertilizer industry. It is generally treated by stacking, which not only causes environmental pollution, but also wastes resources. ... a 226 Ra activity concentration of 400 Bq/kg in phosphogypsum and calculated the annual effective dose from gamma radiation for a person continually occupying the ...
The concentrations of radioisotopes (238U, 234U, 235U, 210Po, 232Th, 40K, and 226Ra) in naturally occurring radionuclide materials were determined through gamma and alpha spectrometry. The average activities of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were matched with literature data from various countries. The radium equivalent value derived …
The phosphogypsum valorization became a necessity when the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) legislation was modified in 1992 and allowed the use of PG with an average 226 Ra of less than 370 Bq/kg for agricultural applications such as a soil amendment. Other areas in the world, however, looked at PG as a valuable raw …
2 Executive Summary: This document details the review performed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, Radiation Protection Division, in response to the Radiological Risk Assessment in Support of Petition for Beneficial Use of Phosphogypsum prepared for The Fertilizer Institute (TFI) (Arcadis …
Because the phosphate ore contains uranium and radium, phosphogypsum also contains these radionuclides. The radium is of particular concern because it decays to form …
The problem of recycling and storage of phosphogypsum is topical for many countries around the world, as it is associated with environmental problems of pollution of water bodies, land, and …
Abstract. Rock phosphate ore processing and disposal of phosphogypsum contribute to enhanced levels of natural radionuclides in the environment. The concentration of naturally occurring radionuclides in soil, rock phosphate and phosphogypsum …
Phosphogypsum (PG) is a major hazardous by-product of the phosphate industry. The whole world is facing the challenge of increasing stockpiles of PG, which significantly affect safety and the environment. ... The radiation hazard indicators for PG determined by various countries, regions and organisations are shown in Table 4. There …
Of the radiation, he said, "it's low-level." "It's not in people's homes or in people's backyards," Mennie said. "It's going to be mixed with other items in road construction."
Phosphogypsum, a by-product of phosphate fertilizer production, is produced in large quantities worldwide. ... Montgomery, Alabama, U.S.A.: Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility. Google Scholar. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) (1984) Principles for Limiting Exposure of the Public to Natural Sources of Radiation ...
acid, 4–5 tons of phosphogypsum are produced (El Issiouy et al. 2013; Papastefanou et al. 2006). Currently, between 3 and 4 billion tons of phosphogypsum have been produced, with an annual rise of 300 million tons (Cuadri et al. 2021). The question of considering phosphogypsum as a waste or a resource has been
Currently, one of the most important problems of environmental protection is the deep and complex processing of mineral raw materials. This problem is especially relevant when processing substandard ores and production waste, one of which is phosphogypsum. This study examines the process of CaSO4/CaS composite material …
This study contributes to sustainable construction practices by exploring the use of phosphogypsum, a commonly discarded byproduct, in the production of recycled aggregates. Addressing both environmental and economic aspects of sustainability, we investigate the feasibility of employing phosphogypsum as a primary raw material, in …
Phosphogypsum (PG) accumulates during wet-phosphoric acid production for fertilizers. In the Philippines, PG is partly (40%) utilized to produce gypsum walls and cement. This work assesses the radiological risks and resource opportunities associated with PG stacks in the Philippines. The conducted in situ radiometric survey measured …
WASHINGTON (October 14, 2020) — Today, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Andrew Wheeler approved a request from The Fertilizer Institute (TFI) to allow phosphogypsum to be used in government road construction projects. "Allowing the reuse of phosphogypsum shows EPA's commitment to working with industry in a way that …
The use of phosphogypsum in buildings requires the radiological characterization, as well as an assessment of radiological risk for humans. In this paper, the level of radioactivity of phosphogypsum produced in Serbia was measured by gamma spectrometry and average activity concentration of 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K for …
• Phosphogypsum(PG), commonly known as gypsum or calcium sulfate, is a by-product of phosphate fertilizer manufacturing • Approximately 5 tons of PG are produced per ton of phosphoric acid produced in a typical facility • PG is a high volume, low toxicity by-product of phosphate fertilizer manufacturing What is Phosphogypsum (PG)
Phosphogypsum (PG), the main industrial by-product of phosphate fertilizer industry, primarily consists of calcium sulfate dihydrate. ... Because U-235 is not as common in nature as U-238, radiation from this series of decays is not considered a threat. Sedimentary phosphates have high U and Ra concentrations but a low Th concentration, ...
1. Introduction. Phosphogypsum (PG), a significant Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (TENORM) (IAEA, 2003), is a by-product of phosphoric acid production from rock phosphate – a process that underpins inorganic P fertiliser production for agriculture.Global food production is currently …
The radium equivalent activity (Ra eq ), gamma index ( I γ ), alpha index ( I α ), absorbed gamma dose rate ( D in ), and corresponding annual effective dose ( E in) …
Phosphogypsum is primarily CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O, but also contains impurities of environmental concern such as residual acids, fluoride, heavy metals and naturally-occurring …
Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product of phosphate fertilizer production that contains radioactive and hazardous elements. This review evaluates the geochemical …
Phosphogypsum is the waste left behind from mining phosphate rock, which is commonly used for producing fertilizer, and is known for containing "radioactive material," according to the EPA.
1. Introduction. Phosphogypsum is a byproduct of the chemical reaction called "wet process" in which sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) reacts with phosphate ore in order to produce phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4), which is used in fertilizer production [1].. Nearly 80% of the main Brazilian natural reserves of phosphate ore comes from igneous sources, …
Phosphogypsum is the most significant industrial solid waste in the world. Phosphogypsum has a complex composition and its traditional storage methods occupy large areas of land and also damage the environment. Currently, phosphogypsum is mainly used for the direct preparation of construction materials and chemical auxiliary …
Radiation and Phosphogypsum; Radiation and Phosphoric Acid; Radioactivity and Phosphatic Clay Ponds; Phosphate Companies and EPA's Toxic Release Inventory; 6 – Environment and Health. Phosphogypsum Stacks; Back to top. 1855 West Main Street. Bartow, Florida USA 33830. 863-583-9094. twitter; instagram; linkedin; youtube;
Supporting documents for approval of TFI request to use phosphogypsum in road construction. ... available electronically in Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2020-0442 on or in hard copy at the Air and Radiation Docket in the EPA Docket Center, (EPA/DC) EPA West, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC.
Phosphogypsum (PG) is a kind of industrial solid waste residue that is generated during the wet production of phosphoric acid. The main mineral composition of PG is CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O, and it is currently employed mostly in the field of building materials and the chemical industry [].PG has a complex chemical makeup and contains …
Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product produced during the wet process of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production from natural phosphate rocks. Approximately 4–6 tons of PG is produced per ton of ...
Phosphogypsum (PG) waste is a by-product generated from wet-process phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4) manufacturing during phosphate rock decomposition.Worldwide, the annual production of PG ranges between 100 and 300 million tons, with only a few quantities utilized in several application domains (about 15%), the …
Phosphogypsum, a waste product from manufacturing fertilizer, emits radon, a radioactive gas. It also contains the radioactive …
Phosphogypsum (PG: CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O) is a waste product generated by the phosphate industry. World production of this waste exceeds 200 million tonnes per year. PG, discharged into the sea, …